/*
 * %W% %E%
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.lang;

import sun.misc.FloatingDecimal;
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * A mutable sequence of characters.
 * <p>
 * Implements a modifiable string. At any point in time it contains some 
 * particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the 
 * sequence can be changed through certain method calls.
 *
 * @author	Michael McCloskey
 * @version 	%I%, %G%
 * @since	1.5
 */
abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence {
    /**
     * The value is used for character storage.
     */
    char value[];

    /** 
     * The count is the number of characters used.
     */
    int count;

    /** 
     * This no-arg constructor is necessary for serialization of subclasses.
     */
    AbstractStringBuilder() {
    }

    /** 
     * Creates an AbstractStringBuilder of the specified capacity.
     */
    AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity) {
        value = new char[capacity];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length (character count).
     *
     * @return  the length of the sequence of characters currently 
     *          represented by this object
     */
    public int length() {
	return count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current capacity. The capacity is the amount of storage 
     * available for newly inserted characters, beyond which an allocation 
     * will occur.
     *
     * @return  the current capacity
     */
    public int capacity() {
	return value.length;
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.
     * If the current capacity is less than the argument, then a new internal
     * array is allocated with greater capacity. The new capacity is the 
     * larger of: 
     * <ul>
     * <li>The <code>minimumCapacity</code> argument. 
     * <li>Twice the old capacity, plus <code>2</code>. 
     * </ul>
     * If the <code>minimumCapacity</code> argument is nonpositive, this
     * method takes no action and simply returns.
     *
     * @param   minimumCapacity   the minimum desired capacity.
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
	if (minimumCapacity > value.length) {
	    expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
	}
    }

    /**
     * This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
     * size check or synchronization.
     */
    void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
	int newCapacity = (value.length + 1) * 2;
        if (newCapacity < 0) {
            newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        } else if (minimumCapacity > newCapacity) {
	    newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
	}
        value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to reduce storage used for the character sequence.
     * If the buffer is larger than necessary to hold its current sequence of 
     * characters, then it may be resized to become more space efficient. 
     * Calling this method may, but is not required to, affect the value 
     * returned by a subsequent call to the {@link #capacity()} method.
     */
    public void trimToSize() {
        if (count < value.length) {
            value = Arrays.copyOf(value, count);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the length of the character sequence.
     * The sequence is changed to a new character sequence 
     * whose length is specified by the argument. For every nonnegative 
     * index <i>k</i> less than <code>newLength</code>, the character at 
     * index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is the same as the 
     * character at index <i>k</i> in the old sequence if <i>k</i> is less 
     * than the length of the old character sequence; otherwise, it is the 
     * null character <code>'&#92;u0000'</code>. 
     *  
     * In other words, if the <code>newLength</code> argument is less than 
     * the current length, the length is changed to the specified length.
     * <p>
     * If the <code>newLength</code> argument is greater than or equal 
     * to the current length, sufficient null characters 
     * (<code>'&#92;u0000'</code>) are appended so that 
     * length becomes the <code>newLength</code> argument. 
     * <p>
     * The <code>newLength</code> argument must be greater than or equal 
     * to <code>0</code>. 
     *
     * @param      newLength   the new length
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the
     *               <code>newLength</code> argument is negative.
     */
    public void setLength(int newLength) {
	if (newLength < 0)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(newLength);
	if (newLength > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newLength);

	if (count < newLength) {
	    for (; count < newLength; count++)
		value[count] = '\0';
	} else {
            count = newLength;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <code>char</code> value in this sequence at the specified index.
     * The first <code>char</code> value is at index <code>0</code>, the next at index
     * <code>1</code>, and so on, as in array indexing.
     * <p>
     * The index argument must be greater than or equal to
     * <code>0</code>, and less than the length of this sequence.
     *
     * <p>If the <code>char</code> value specified by the index is a
     * <a href="Character.html#unicode">surrogate</a>, the surrogate
     * value is returned.
     *
     * @param      index   the index of the desired <code>char</code> value.
     * @return     the <code>char</code> value at the specified index.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code> is 
     *             negative or greater than or equal to <code>length()</code>.
     */
    public char charAt(int index) {
	if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
	return value[index];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified
     * index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
     * (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>0</code> to
     * {@link #length()}<code> - 1</code>.
     *
     * <p> If the <code>char</code> value specified at the given index
     * is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less
     * than the length of this sequence, and the
     * <code>char</code> value at the following index is in the
     * low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point
     * corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise,
     * the <code>char</code> value at the given index is returned.
     *
     * @param      index the index to the <code>char</code> values
     * @return     the code point value of the character at the
     *             <code>index</code>
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
     *             argument is negative or not less than the length of this
     *             sequence.
     */
    public int codePointAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return Character.codePointAt(value, index);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified
     * index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
     * (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>1</code> to {@link
     * #length()}.
     *
     * <p> If the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index - 1)</code>
     * is in the low-surrogate range, <code>(index - 2)</code> is not
     * negative, and the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index -
     * 2)</code> is in the high-surrogate range, then the
     * supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is
     * returned. If the <code>char</code> value at <code>index -
     * 1</code> is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the
     * surrogate value is returned.
     *
     * @param     index the index following the code point that should be returned
     * @return    the Unicode code point value before the given index.
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the <code>index</code>
     *            argument is less than 1 or greater than the length
     *            of this sequence.
     */
    public int codePointBefore(int index) {
	int i = index - 1;
        if ((i < 0) || (i >= count)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return Character.codePointBefore(value, index);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
     * range of this sequence. The text range begins at the specified
     * <code>beginIndex</code> and extends to the <code>char</code> at
     * index <code>endIndex - 1</code>. Thus the length (in
     * <code>char</code>s) of the text range is
     * <code>endIndex-beginIndex</code>. Unpaired surrogates within
     * this sequence count as one code point each.
     *
     * @param beginIndex the index to the first <code>char</code> of
     * the text range.
     * @param endIndex the index after the last <code>char</code> of
     * the text range.
     * @return the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
     * range
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the
     * <code>beginIndex</code> is negative, or <code>endIndex</code>
     * is larger than the length of this sequence, or
     * <code>beginIndex</code> is larger than <code>endIndex</code>.
     */
    public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
	if (beginIndex < 0 || endIndex > count || beginIndex > endIndex) {
	    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
	}
	return Character.codePointCountImpl(value, beginIndex, endIndex-beginIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this sequence that is offset from the
     * given <code>index</code> by <code>codePointOffset</code> code
     * points. Unpaired surrogates within the text range given by
     * <code>index</code> and <code>codePointOffset</code> count as
     * one code point each.
     *
     * @param index the index to be offset
     * @param codePointOffset the offset in code points
     * @return the index within this sequence
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>index</code>
     *   is negative or larger then the length of this sequence,
     *   or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is positive and the subsequence
     *   starting with <code>index</code> has fewer than
     *   <code>codePointOffset</code> code points,
     *   or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is negative and the subsequence
     *   before <code>index</code> has fewer than the absolute value of
     *   <code>codePointOffset</code> code points.
     */
    public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset) {
	if (index < 0 || index > count) {
	    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
	}
	return Character.offsetByCodePointsImpl(value, 0, count,
						index, codePointOffset);
    }

    /**
     * Characters are copied from this sequence into the 
     * destination character array <code>dst</code>. The first character to 
     * be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>; the last character to 
     * be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>. The total number of 
     * characters to be copied is <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>. The 
     * characters are copied into the subarray of <code>dst</code> starting 
     * at index <code>dstBegin</code> and ending at index:
     * <p><blockquote><pre>
     * dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      srcBegin   start copying at this offset.
     * @param      srcEnd     stop copying at this offset.
     * @param      dst        the array to copy the data into.
     * @param      dstBegin   offset into <code>dst</code>.
     * @throws     NullPointerException if <code>dst</code> is 
     *             <code>null</code>.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if any of the following is true:
     *             <ul>
     *             <li><code>srcBegin</code> is negative
     *             <li><code>dstBegin</code> is negative
     *             <li>the <code>srcBegin</code> argument is greater than 
     *             the <code>srcEnd</code> argument.
     *             <li><code>srcEnd</code> is greater than 
     *             <code>this.length()</code>.
     *             <li><code>dstBegin+srcEnd-srcBegin</code> is greater than 
     *             <code>dst.length</code>
     *             </ul>
     */
    public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dst[],
                                      int dstBegin)
    {
	if (srcBegin < 0)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
	if ((srcEnd < 0) || (srcEnd > count))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
        if (srcBegin > srcEnd)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("srcBegin > srcEnd");
	System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }

    /**
     * The character at the specified index is set to <code>ch</code>. This 
     * sequence is altered to represent a new character sequence that is 
     * identical to the old character sequence, except that it contains the 
     * character <code>ch</code> at position <code>index</code>. 
     * <p>
     * The index argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than the length of this sequence. 
     *
     * @param      index   the index of the character to modify.
     * @param      ch      the new character.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code> is 
     *             negative or greater than or equal to <code>length()</code>.
     */
    public void setCharAt(int index, char ch) {
	if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
	value[index] = ch;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>Object</code> 
     * argument.
     * <p>
     * The argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then appended to this sequence.
     *
     * @param   obj   an <code>Object</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(Object obj) {
	return append(String.valueOf(obj));
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified string to this character sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the <code>String</code> argument are appended, in 
     * order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the 
     * argument. If <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>, then the four 
     * characters <code>"null"</code> are appended.
     * <p>
     * Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to 
     * execution of the <code>append</code> method. Then the character at 
     * index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is equal to the character 
     * at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is less 
     * than <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index 
     * <i>k-n</i> in the argument <code>str</code>.
     *
     * @param   str   a string.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
	if (str == null) str = "null";
        int len = str.length();
	if (len == 0) return this;
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    // Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
	if (sb == null)
            return append("null");
	int len = sb.length();
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	sb.getChars(0, len, value, count);
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    // Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(CharSequence s) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
        if (s instanceof String)
            return this.append((String)s);
        if (s instanceof StringBuffer)
            return this.append((StringBuffer)s);
        return this.append(s, 0, s.length());
    }

    /**
     * Appends a subsequence of the specified <code>CharSequence</code> to this
     * sequence.
     * <p>
     * Characters of the argument <code>s</code>, starting at
     * index <code>start</code>, are appended, in order, to the contents of
     * this sequence up to the (exclusive) index <code>end</code>. The length
     * of this sequence is increased by the value of <code>end - start</code>.
     * <p>
     * Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to
     * execution of the <code>append</code> method. Then the character at
     * index <i>k</i> in this character sequence becomes equal to the
     * character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence, if <i>k</i> is less than
     * <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index 
     * <i>k+start-n</i> in the argument <code>s</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>, then this method appends
     * characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four
     * characters <code>"null"</code>.
     *
     * @param   s the sequence to append.
     * @param   start   the starting index of the subsequence to be appended.
     * @param   end     the end index of the subsequence to be appended.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException if
     *                  <code>start</code> or <code>end</code> are negative, or
     *             <code>start</code> is greater than <code>end</code> or
     *             <code>end</code> is greater than <code>s.length()</code>
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(CharSequence s, int start, int end) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
	if ((start < 0) || (end < 0) || (start > end) || (end > s.length()))
	    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "start " + start + ", end " + end + ", s.length() " 
                + s.length());
	int len = end - start;
	if (len == 0)
            return this;
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
        for (int i=start; i<end; i++)
            value[count++] = s.charAt(i);
        count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>char</code> array 
     * argument to this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The characters of the array argument are appended, in order, to 
     * the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence
     * increases by the length of the argument. 
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to 
     * a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[])} and the 
     * characters of that string were then {@link #append(String) appended} 
     * to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   str   the characters to be appended.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char str[]) { 
	int newCount = count + str.length;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
        System.arraycopy(str, 0, value, count, str.length);
        count = newCount;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of a subarray of the
     * <code>char</code> array argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * Characters of the <code>char</code> array <code>str</code>, starting at
     * index <code>offset</code>, are appended, in order, to the contents
     * of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases
     * by the value of <code>len</code>.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the arguments were converted to
     * a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[],int,int)} and the
     * characters of that string were then {@link #append(String) appended}
     * to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   str      the characters to be appended.
     * @param   offset   the index of the first <code>char</code> to append.
     * @param   len      the number of <code>char</code>s to append.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char str[], int offset, int len) {
        int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	System.arraycopy(str, offset, value, count, len);
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>boolean</code> 
     * argument to the sequence.
     * <p>
     * The argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then appended to this sequence. 
     *
     * @param   b   a <code>boolean</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(boolean b) {
        if (b) {
            int newCount = count + 4;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            value[count++] = 't';
            value[count++] = 'r';
            value[count++] = 'u';
            value[count++] = 'e';
        } else {
            int newCount = count + 5;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            value[count++] = 'f';
            value[count++] = 'a';
            value[count++] = 'l';
            value[count++] = 's';
            value[count++] = 'e';
        }
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>char</code> 
     * argument to this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence. 
     * The length of this sequence increases by <code>1</code>. 
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to 
     * a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char)} and the character 
     * in that string were then {@link #append(String) appended} to this 
     * character sequence.
     *
     * @param   c   a <code>char</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char c) {
        int newCount = count + 1;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	value[count++] = c;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>int</code> 
     * argument to this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then appended to this sequence. 
     *
     * @param   i   an <code>int</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(int i) {
        if (i == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            append("-2147483648");
            return this;
        }
        int appendedLength = (i < 0) ? stringSizeOfInt(-i) + 1 
                                     : stringSizeOfInt(i);
        int spaceNeeded = count + appendedLength;
        if (spaceNeeded > value.length)
            expandCapacity(spaceNeeded);
	Integer.getChars(i, spaceNeeded, value);
        count = spaceNeeded;
        return this;
    }

    final static int [] sizeTable = { 9, 99, 999, 9999, 99999, 999999, 9999999,
                                     99999999, 999999999, Integer.MAX_VALUE };

    // Requires positive x
    static int stringSizeOfInt(int x) {
        for (int i=0; ; i++)
            if (x <= sizeTable[i])
                return i+1;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>long</code> 
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then appended to this sequence.
     *
     * @param   l   a <code>long</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(long l) {
        if (l == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
            append("-9223372036854775808");
            return this;
        }
        int appendedLength = (l < 0) ? stringSizeOfLong(-l) + 1 
                                     : stringSizeOfLong(l);
        int spaceNeeded = count + appendedLength;
        if (spaceNeeded > value.length)
            expandCapacity(spaceNeeded);
	Long.getChars(l, spaceNeeded, value);
        count = spaceNeeded;
        return this;
    }

    // Requires positive x
    static int stringSizeOfLong(long x) {
        long p = 10;
        for (int i=1; i<19; i++) {
            if (x < p)
                return i;
            p = 10*p;
        }
        return 19;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>float</code> 
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then appended to this string sequence.
     *
     * @param   f   a <code>float</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(float f) {
	new FloatingDecimal(f).appendTo(this);
 	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>double</code> 
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then appended to this sequence.
     *
     * @param   d   a <code>double</code>.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(double d) {
	new FloatingDecimal(d).appendTo(this);
 	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.
     * The substring begins at the specified <code>start</code> and extends to
     * the character at index <code>end - 1</code> or to the end of the
     * sequence if no such character exists. If
     * <code>start</code> is equal to <code>end</code>, no changes are made.
     *
     * @param      start  The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      end    The ending index, exclusive.
     * @return     This object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
     *             is negative, greater than <code>length()</code>, or
     *		   greater than <code>end</code>.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
	if (start < 0)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
	if (end > count)
	    end = count;
	if (start > end)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException();
        int len = end - start;
        if (len > 0) {
            System.arraycopy(value, start+len, value, start, count-end);
            count -= len;
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the <code>codePoint</code>
     * argument to this sequence.
     *
     * <p> The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence.
     * The length of this sequence increases by
     * {@link Character#charCount(int) Character.charCount(codePoint)}.
     *
     * <p> The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were
     * converted to a <code>char</code> array by the method {@link
     * Character#toChars(int)} and the character in that array were
     * then {@link #append(char[]) appended} to this character
     * sequence.
     *
     * @param   codePoint   a Unicode code point
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified
     * <code>codePoint</code> isn't a valid Unicode code point
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder appendCodePoint(int codePoint) {
	if (!Character.isValidCodePoint(codePoint)) {
	    throw new IllegalArgumentException();
	}
	int n = 1;
	if (codePoint >= Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
	    n++;
	}
	int newCount = count + n;
	if (newCount > value.length) {
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	}
	if (n == 1) {
	    value[count++] = (char) codePoint;
	} else {
	    Character.toSurrogates(codePoint, value, count);
	    count += n;
	}
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the <code>char</code> at the specified position in this
     * sequence. This sequence is shortened by one <code>char</code>.
     *
     * <p>Note: If the character at the given index is a supplementary
     * character, this method does not remove the entire character. If
     * correct handling of supplementary characters is required,
     * determine the number of <code>char</code>s to remove by calling
     * <code>Character.charCount(thisSequence.codePointAt(index))</code>,
     * where <code>thisSequence</code> is this sequence.
     *
     * @param       index  Index of <code>char</code> to remove
     * @return      This object.
     * @throws      StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
     *		    is negative or greater than or equal to
     *		    <code>length()</code>.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder deleteCharAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
	System.arraycopy(value, index+1, value, index, count-index-1);
	count--;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence
     * with characters in the specified <code>String</code>. The substring
     * begins at the specified <code>start</code> and extends to the character
     * at index <code>end - 1</code> or to the end of the
     * sequence if no such character exists. First the
     * characters in the substring are removed and then the specified
     * <code>String</code> is inserted at <code>start</code>. (This 
     * sequence will be lengthened to accommodate the
     * specified String if necessary.)
     * 
     * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      end      The ending index, exclusive.
     * @param      str   String that will replace previous contents.
     * @return     This object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
     *             is negative, greater than <code>length()</code>, or
     *		   greater than <code>end</code>.
     */ 
    public AbstractStringBuilder replace(int start, int end, String str) {
        if (start < 0)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
	if (start > count)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > length()");
	if (start > end)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > end");

	if (end > count)
	    end = count;
	int len = str.length();
	int newCount = count + len - (end - start);
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);

        System.arraycopy(value, end, value, start + len, count - end);
        str.getChars(value, start);
        count = newCount;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new <code>String</code> that contains a subsequence of
     * characters currently contained in this character sequence. The 
     * substring begins at the specified index and extends to the end of
     * this sequence.
     * 
     * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @return     The new string.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code> is
     *             less than zero, or greater than the length of this object.
     */
    public String substring(int start) {
        return substring(start, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
     *
     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form
     *
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * sb.subSequence(begin,&nbsp;end)</pre></blockquote>
     *
     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
     *
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * sb.substring(begin,&nbsp;end)</pre></blockquote>
     *
     * This method is provided so that this class can
     * implement the {@link CharSequence} interface. </p>
     *
     * @param      start   the start index, inclusive.
     * @param      end     the end index, exclusive.
     * @return     the specified subsequence.
     *
     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *          if <tt>start</tt> or <tt>end</tt> are negative,
     *          if <tt>end</tt> is greater than <tt>length()</tt>,
     *          or if <tt>start</tt> is greater than <tt>end</tt>
     * @spec JSR-51
     */
    public CharSequence subSequence(int start, int end) {
        return substring(start, end);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new <code>String</code> that contains a subsequence of
     * characters currently contained in this sequence. The 
     * substring begins at the specified <code>start</code> and 
     * extends to the character at index <code>end - 1</code>.
     *
     * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      end      The ending index, exclusive.
     * @return     The new string.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
     *             or <code>end</code> are negative or greater than
     *		   <code>length()</code>, or <code>start</code> is
     *		   greater than <code>end</code>.
     */
    public String substring(int start, int end) {
	if (start < 0)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
	if (end > count)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end);
	if (start > end)
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end - start);
        return new String(value, start, end - start);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of a subarray of the <code>str</code>
     * array argument into this sequence. The subarray begins at the
     * specified <code>offset</code> and extends <code>len</code> <code>char</code>s.
     * The characters of the subarray are inserted into this sequence at
     * the position indicated by <code>index</code>. The length of this
     * sequence increases by <code>len</code> <code>char</code>s.
     *
     * @param      index    position at which to insert subarray.
     * @param      str       A <code>char</code> array.
     * @param      offset   the index of the first <code>char</code> in subarray to
     *             be inserted.
     * @param      len      the number of <code>char</code>s in the subarray to
     *             be inserted.
     * @return     This object
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code>
     *             is negative or greater than <code>length()</code>, or
     *             <code>offset</code> or <code>len</code> are negative, or
     *             <code>(offset+len)</code> is greater than
     *             <code>str.length</code>.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int index, char str[], int offset,
                                        int len)
    {
        if ((index < 0) || (index > length()))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        if ((offset < 0) || (len < 0) || (offset > str.length - len))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "offset " + offset + ", len " + len + ", str.length " 
                + str.length);
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	System.arraycopy(value, index, value, index + len, count - index);
	System.arraycopy(str, offset, value, index, len);
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>Object</code> 
     * argument into this character sequence.
     * <p>
     * The second argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then inserted into this sequence at the indicated 
     * offset. 
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      obj      an <code>Object</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, Object obj) {
	return insert(offset, String.valueOf(obj));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string into this character sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the <code>String</code> argument are inserted, in 
     * order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up any 
     * characters originally above that position and increasing the length 
     * of this sequence by the length of the argument. If 
     * <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>, then the four characters 
     * <code>"null"</code> are inserted into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is 
     * equal to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if 
     * <i>k</i> is less than <code>offset</code> 
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i><code>-offset</code> in the 
     * argument <code>str</code>, if <i>k</i> is not less than 
     * <code>offset</code> but is less than <code>offset+str.length()</code> 
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i><code>-str.length()</code> in the 
     * old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is not less than 
     * <code>offset+str.length()</code>
     * </ul><p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      str      a string.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, String str) {
	if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
	if (str == null)
	    str = "null";
	int len = str.length();
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
	str.getChars(value, offset);
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>char</code> array 
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the array argument are inserted into the 
     * contents of this sequence at the position indicated by 
     * <code>offset</code>. The length of this sequence increases by 
     * the length of the argument. 
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to 
     * a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[])} and the 
     * characters of that string were then 
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this 
     * character sequence at the position indicated by
     * <code>offset</code>.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      str      a character array.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, char str[]) {
	if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
	    throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
	int len = str.length;
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
	System.arraycopy(str, 0, value, offset, len);
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified <code>CharSequence</code> into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the <code>CharSequence</code> argument are inserted,
     * in order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up
     * any characters originally above that position and increasing the length 
     * of this sequence by the length of the argument s.
     * <p>
     * The result of this method is exactly the same as if it were an
     * invocation of this object's insert(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length()) method.
     *
     * <p>If <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>, then the four characters 
     * <code>"null"</code> are inserted into this sequence.
     *
     * @param      dstOffset   the offset.
     * @param      s the sequence to be inserted
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
        if (s instanceof String)
            return this.insert(dstOffset, (String)s);
        return this.insert(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length());
    }

    /**
     * Inserts a subsequence of the specified <code>CharSequence</code> into
     * this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The subsequence of the argument <code>s</code> specified by
     * <code>start</code> and <code>end</code> are inserted,
     * in order, into this sequence at the specified destination offset, moving
     * up any characters originally above that position. The length of this
     * sequence is increased by <code>end - start</code>.
     * <p>
     * The character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence becomes equal to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence, if
     * <i>k</i> is less than <code>dstOffset</code>
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i><code>+start-dstOffset</code> in
     * the argument <code>s</code>, if <i>k</i> is greater than or equal to
     * <code>dstOffset</code> but is less than <code>dstOffset+end-start</code>
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i><code>-(end-start)</code> in this
     * sequence, if <i>k</i> is greater than or equal to
     * <code>dstOffset+end-start</code>
     * </ul><p>
     * The dstOffset argument must be greater than or equal to
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this
     * sequence.
     * <p>The start argument must be nonnegative, and not greater than
     * <code>end</code>.
     * <p>The end argument must be greater than or equal to
     * <code>start</code>, and less than or equal to the length of s.
     *
     * <p>If <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>, then this method inserts
     * characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four
     * characters <code>"null"</code>.
     *
     * @param      dstOffset   the offset in this sequence.
     * @param      s       the sequence to be inserted.
     * @param      start   the starting index of the subsequence to be inserted.
     * @param      end     the end index of the subsequence to be inserted.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>dstOffset</code>
     *             is negative or greater than <code>this.length()</code>, or
     *              <code>start</code> or <code>end</code> are negative, or
     *              <code>start</code> is greater than <code>end</code> or
     *              <code>end</code> is greater than <code>s.length()</code>
     */
     public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s,
                                           int start, int end) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
	if ((dstOffset < 0) || (dstOffset > this.length()))
	    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("dstOffset "+dstOffset);
	if ((start < 0) || (end < 0) || (start > end) || (end > s.length()))
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "start " + start + ", end " + end + ", s.length() " 
                + s.length());
	int len = end - start;
        if (len == 0)
            return this;
	int newCount = count + len;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	System.arraycopy(value, dstOffset, value, dstOffset + len,
                         count - dstOffset);
	for (int i=start; i<end; i++)
            value[dstOffset++] = s.charAt(i);
	count = newCount;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>boolean</code> 
     * argument into this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The second argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then inserted into this sequence at the indicated 
     * offset. 
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence. 
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      b        a <code>boolean</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, boolean b) {
	return insert(offset, String.valueOf(b));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>char</code> 
     * argument into this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The second argument is inserted into the contents of this sequence
     * at the position indicated by <code>offset</code>. The length 
     * of this sequence increases by one. 
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to 
     * a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char)} and the character 
     * in that string were then {@link #insert(int, String) inserted} into 
     * this character sequence at the position indicated by
     * <code>offset</code>.
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence. 
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      c        a <code>char</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, char c) {
	int newCount = count + 1;
	if (newCount > value.length)
	    expandCapacity(newCount);
	System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + 1, count - offset);
	value[offset] = c;
	count = newCount;
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the second <code>int</code> 
     * argument into this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The second argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then inserted into this sequence at the indicated 
     * offset. 
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence. 
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      i        an <code>int</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, int i) {
	return insert(offset, String.valueOf(i));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>long</code> 
     * argument into this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The second argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then inserted into this sequence at the position 
     * indicated by <code>offset</code>. 
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence. 
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      l        a <code>long</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, long l) {
	return insert(offset, String.valueOf(l));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>float</code> 
     * argument into this sequence. 
     * <p>
     * The second argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then inserted into this sequence at the indicated 
     * offset. 
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence. 
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      f        a <code>float</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, float f) {
	return insert(offset, String.valueOf(f));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the <code>double</code> 
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The second argument is converted to a string as if by the method 
     * <code>String.valueOf</code>, and the characters of that 
     * string are then inserted into this sequence at the indicated 
     * offset. 
     * <p>
     * The offset argument must be greater than or equal to 
     * <code>0</code>, and less than or equal to the length of this 
     * sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      d        a <code>double</code>.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, double d) {
	return insert(offset, String.valueOf(d));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value 
     * <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.toString().startsWith(str, <i>k</i>)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is <code>true</code>.
     *
     * @param   str   any string.
     * @return  if the string argument occurs as a substring within this
     *          object, then the index of the first character of the first
     *          such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a
     *          substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is 
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int indexOf(String str) {
	return indexOf(str, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified substring, starting at the specified index.  The integer
     * returned is the smallest value <tt>k</tt> for which:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     *     k >= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) &&
     *                   this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * If no such value of <i>k</i> exists, then -1 is returned.
     *
     * @param   str         the substring for which to search.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index from which to start the search.
     * @return  the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     *          specified substring, starting at the specified index.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *            <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        return String.indexOf(value, 0, count,
                              str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence
     * of the specified substring.  The rightmost empty string "" is
     * considered to occur at the index value <code>this.length()</code>. 
     * The returned index is the largest value <i>k</i> such that 
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is true.
     *
     * @param   str   the substring to search for.
     * @return  if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring
     *          within this object, then the index of the first character of
     *          the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as
     *          a substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException  if <code>str</code> is 
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(String str) {
        return lastIndexOf(str, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
     * specified substring. The integer returned is the largest value <i>k</i>
     * such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     *     k <= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) &&
     *                   this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * If no such value of <i>k</i> exists, then -1 is returned.
     * 
     * @param   str         the substring to search for.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from.
     * @return  the index within this sequence of the last occurrence of the
     *          specified substring.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is 
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        return String.lastIndexOf(value, 0, count,
                              str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Causes this character sequence to be replaced by the reverse of
     * the sequence. If there are any surrogate pairs included in the
     * sequence, these are treated as single characters for the
     * reverse operation. Thus, the order of the high-low surrogates
     * is never reversed.
     *
     * Let <i>n</i> be the character length of this character sequence
     * (not the length in <code>char</code> values) just prior to
     * execution of the <code>reverse</code> method. Then the
     * character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
     * equal to the character at index <i>n-k-1</i> in the old
     * character sequence.
     *
     * <p>Note that the reverse operation may result in producing
     * surrogate pairs that were unpaired low-surrogates and
     * high-surrogates before the operation. For example, reversing
     * "&#92;uDC00&#92;uD800" produces "&#92;uD800&#92;uDC00" which is
     * a valid surrogate pair.
     *
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder reverse() {
	boolean hasSurrogate = false;
	int n = count - 1;
	for (int j = (n-1) >> 1; j >= 0; --j) {
	    char temp = value[j];
	    char temp2 = value[n - j];
	    if (!hasSurrogate) {
		hasSurrogate = (temp >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE)
		    || (temp2 >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp2 <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE);
	    }
	    value[j] = temp2;
	    value[n - j] = temp;
	}
	if (hasSurrogate) {
	    // Reverse back all valid surrogate pairs
	    for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; i++) {
		char c2 = value[i];
		if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
		    char c1 = value[i + 1];
		    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(c1)) {
			value[i++] = c1;
			value[i] = c2;
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
	return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representing the data in this sequence.
     * A new <code>String</code> object is allocated and initialized to 
     * contain the character sequence currently represented by this 
     * object. This <code>String</code> is then returned. Subsequent 
     * changes to this sequence do not affect the contents of the 
     * <code>String</code>.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this sequence of characters.
     */
    public abstract String toString();

    /**
     * Needed by <tt>String</tt> for the contentEquals method.
     */
    final char[] getValue() {
        return value;
    }

}
